In our last thrilling installment, we used Erlang to fetch a book’s title and sales rank from Amazon. Now let’s extend this to fetch the data for multiple books, first one-at-a-time, and then in parallel.
A word from our lawyers: read your Amazon Terms of Service before trying this code. You may have limitations on the number of requests you can send per second or somesuch. This code is just to illustrate some Erlang constructs.
Let’s start with the function that fetches sales ranks in series. We’ll pass it a list of ISBNs, and it will return a corresponding list of {title, rank} tuples. For convenience, let’s define a function that returns a list of ISBNS to check. (Later, we can change this function to read from a database or a file). We’re editing our file ranks.erl.
isbns() ->
[ "020161622X", "0974514004", "0974514012", "0974514020", "0974514039",
"0974514055", "0974514063", "0974514071", "097669400X", "0974514047",
"0976694018", "0976694026", "0976694042", "0976694085", "097451408X",
"0976694077", "0977616606", "0976694093", "0977616665", "0976694069",
"0976694050", "0977616649", "0977616657"
].
Users of our code call the fetch_in_series function. It uses the built-in lists:map function to convert our ISBN list into the result list.
fetch_in_series() ->
lists:map(fun fetch_title_and_rank/1, isbns()).
The first parameter to lists:map is the function to be applied to each element in the ISBN list. Here we’re telling Erlang to call the fetch_title_and_rank function that we defined in the first article. The/1 says to use the version of the function that takes a single argument.
We need to export this function from the module before we can call it.
-export([fetch_title_and_rank/1, fetch_in_series/0]).
Let’s fire up the Erlang shell and try it.
1> c(ranks).
{ok,ranks}
2> ranks:fetch_in_series().
[{"The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master","4864"},
{"Pragmatic Version Control Using CVS","288118"},
{"Pragmatic Unit Testing in Java with JUnit","116011"},
. . .
“But wait!” I hear you cry. “Isn’t Erlang supposed to be good at parallel programming. What’s with all this fetch-the-results-in-series” business?”
OK, let’s create a parallel version. We have lots of options here, but for now let’s do it the hard way. We’ll spawn a separate (Erlang) process to handle each request, and we’ll write all our own process management code to coordinate harvesting the results as these processes complete.
Erlang processes are lightweight abstractions; they are not the same as the processes your operating system provides. Unlike your operating system, Erlang is happy dealing with thousands of concurrent processes. What’s more, you can distribute these processes across servers, processors, and cores within a processor. All this is achieved with a handful of basic operations. To send a tuple to a process whose process ID is in the variable Fred, you can use:
Fred ! {status, ok}
To receive a message from another process, use a receive stanza:
receive
{ status, StatusCode } -> StatusCode
end
There’s something cool about the receive code. See the line
{ status, StatusCode } -> StatusCode
The stuff on the left hand side of the arrow is a pattern match. It means that this receive code will only accept messages which are a two element tuple where the first element is the atom status. This particular receive stanza then strips out just the actual code part of this tuple and returns it. In general a receive stanza can contain multiple patterns, each with its own specialized processing. This is remarkably powerful.
There’s one last primitive we need. The function spawn takes a function and a set of parameters and invokes that function in a new Erlang process. It returns the process ID for that subprocess.
Let’s write a simple, and stupid, example. This module exports test/1. This function spawns a new process that simply doubles a value. Here’s the code—we’ll dig into it in a second.
-module(parallel).
-export([test/1]).
test(Number) ->
MyPID = self(),
spawn(fun() -> double(MyPID, Number) end),
receive
{ answer, Val } -> { "Child process said", Val }
end.
double(Parent, Number) ->
Result = Number + Number,
Parent ! { answer, Result }.
Because we’re handling all the details ourselves, we have to tell the process running the double function where to send its result. To do that, we pass it two parameters: the first is the process ID of the process to receive the result, and the second is the value to double. The second line of the double function uses the ! operator to send the result back to the original process.
The original process has to pass its own process ID to the double method. It uses the built-in self()function to get this PID. Then, on the second line of the function, it invokes spawn, passing it an anonymous function which in turn invokes double. There’s a wee catch here: it’s tempting to write:
test(Number) ->
spawn(fun() -> double(self(), Number) end),
...
This won’t work: because the anonymous function only gets executed once the new process is started, the value returned by self() will be that process’s ID, and not that of the parent.
Anyway, we can invoke this code using the Erlang shell:
1> c(parallel).
{ok,parallel}
2> parallel:test(22).
{"Child process said",44}
Back to Amazon. We want to fetch all the sales ranks in parallel. We’ll start with the top-level function. It starts all the fetcher processes running in parallel, then gathers up their results.
fetch_in_parallel() ->
inets:start(),
set_queries_running(isbns()),
gather_results(isbns()).
The first line of this method is a slight optimization. The HTTP client code that we use to fetch the results actually runs behind the scenes in its own process. By calling the inets:start method, we precreate this server process.
Here’s the code that creates the processes to fetch the sales data:
set_queries_running(ISBNS) ->
lists:foreach(fun background_fetch/1, ISBNS).
background_fetch(ISBN) ->
ParentPID = self(),
spawn(fun() ->
ParentPID ! { ok, fetch_title_and_rank(ISBN) }
end).
The lists:foreach function invokes its first argument on each element of its second argument. In this case, it invokes the background_fetch function that in term calls spawn to start the subprocess. Perhaps surprising is the fact that the anonymous function acts as a closure: the values of ParentID andISBN in its calling scope are available inside the fun’s body, even though it is running is a separate process. Cool stuff, eh?
There’s an implicit decision in the design of this code: I decided that I don’t care what order the results are listed in the returned list—I simply want a list that contains one title/rank tuple for each ISBN. I can make use of this fact in the function that gathers the results. It again uses lists:map, but bends its meaning somewhat. Normally the map function maps an value onto some other corresponding value. Here we’re simply using it to populate a list with the same number of entries as the original ISBN list. Each entry contains a result from Amazon, but it won’t be the result that corresponds to the ISBN that is in the corresponding position in the ISBN list. For my purposes, this is fine.
gather_results(ISBNS) ->
lists:map(fun gather_a_result/1, ISBNS).
gather_a_result(_) ->
receive
{ ok, Anything } -> Anything
end.
Let’s run this:
1> c(ranks).
{ok,ranks}
2> ranks:fetch_in_parallel().
[{"The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master","6359"},
{"Pragmatic Version Control Using CVS","299260"},
{"Pragmatic Unit Testing in Java with JUnit","131616"},
. . .
What kind of speedup does this give us? We can use the built-in timer:tc function to call our two methods.
timer:tc(ranks, fetch_in_parallel, []).
{1163694, . . .
timer:tc(ranks, fetch_in_series, []).
{3070261, . . .
The first element of the result in the wallclock time taken to run the function (in microseconds). The parallel version is roughly 3 times faster than the serial function.
So, do you have to go to all this trouble to make your Erlang code run in parallel? Not really. I just wanted to show some of the nuts and bolts. In reality, you’d probably use a library method, such as thepmap function that Joe wrote for the Programming Erlang book. Armed with this, you could turn the serial fetch program to a parallel fetch program by changing
lists:map(fun fetch_title_and_rank/1, ?ISBNS).
to
lib_misc:pmap(fun fetch_title_and_rank/1, ?ISBNS).
Now that’s an abstraction!
Anyway, here’s the current version of the ranks.erl program, containing both the serial and parallel fetch functions.
-module(ranks).
-export([fetch_title_and_rank/1, fetch_in_series/0, fetch_in_parallel/0]).
-include_lib("xmerl/include/xmerl.hrl").
-define(BASE_URL,
"http://webservices.amazon.com/onca/xml?Service=AWSECommerceService"
"&SubscriptionId=<your ID goes here>"
"&Operation=ItemLookup"
"&ResponseGroup=SalesRank,Small"
"&ItemId=").
isbns() ->
[ "020161622X", "0974514004", "0974514012", "0974514020", "0974514039",
"0974514055", "0974514063", "0974514071", "097669400X", "0974514047",
"0976694018", "0976694026", "0976694042", "0976694085", "097451408X",
"0976694077", "0977616606", "0976694093", "0977616665", "0976694069",
"0976694050", "0977616649", "0977616657"
].
fetch_title_and_rank(ISBN) ->
URL = amazon_url_for(ISBN),
{ ok, {_Status, _Headers, Body }} = http:request(URL),
{ Xml, _Rest } = xmerl_scan:string(Body),
[ #xmlText{value=Rank} ] = xmerl_xpath:string("//SalesRank/text()", Xml),
[ #xmlText{value=Title} ] = xmerl_xpath:string("//Title/text()", Xml),
{ Title, Rank }.
amazon_url_for(ISBN) ->
?BASE_URL ++ ISBN.
fetch_in_series() ->
lists:map(fun fetch_title_and_rank/1, isbns()).
fetch_in_parallel() ->
inets:start(),
set_queries_running(isbns()),
gather_results(isbns()).
set_queries_running(ISBNS) ->
lists:foreach(fun background_fetch/1, ISBNS).
background_fetch(ISBN) ->
ParentPID = self(),
spawn(fun() ->
ParentPID ! { ok, fetch_title_and_rank(ISBN) }
end).
gather_results(ISBNS) ->
lists:map(fun(_) ->
receive
{ ok, Anything } -> Anything
end
end, ISBNS).
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